Introduction
Methods
Study site
Experimental treatment
Field survey
Data analysis
Results
Stand structure
Species groups | Understory-intact plot | Understory-cleared plot | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual density (no./ha) | Species richness | Average tree height (m) | Individual density (no./ha) | Species richness | Average tree height (m) | |||||||
2006 | 2017 | 2006 | 2017 | 2006 | 2017 | 2004 | 2017 | 2004 | 2017 | 2004 | 2017 | |
Pioneer | 26,653 (54.0) | 1600 (12.4) | 18 | 10 | 0.2 | 4.5 | 31,382 (69.6) | 3648 (18.9) | 17 | 14 | 0.2 | 5.2 |
Coppice woodland shrub | 3589 (7.3) | 1653 (12.8) | 13 | 7 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 1224 (2.7) | 1224 (6.3) | 5 | 5 | 0.2 | 2.1 |
Coppice woodland tree | 5295 (10.7) | 632 (4.9) | 4 | 10 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 1697 (3.8) | 1236 (6.4) | 11 | 13 | 0.2 | 4.6 |
Lucidophyllous shrub | 7411 (15.0) | 4632 (36.0) | 11 | 13 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 6618 (14.7) | 9103 (47.2) | 13 | 12 | 0.3 | 1.6 |
Lucidophyllous tree | 6389 (12.9) | 4358 (33.8) | 24 | 28 | 0.8 | 4.4 | 4158 (9.2) | 4073 (21.1) | 23 | 24 | 0.4 | 4.7 |
Total | 49,337 | 12,875 | 70 | 68 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 45,079 | 19,285 | 69 | 68 | 0.2 | 3.1 |
Individual density for the different regeneration origins and seed dispersal types
(a) Regenerated Origins | All species | Lucidophyllous tree species | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Understory-intact plot | Understory-cleared plot | Understory-intact plot | Understory-cleared plot | |||||
2006 | 2017 | 2004 | 2017 | 2006 | 2017 | 2004 | 2017 | |
ARG | 2810 | 2411 | 3830 | 3164 | 1558 | 1431 | 2170 | 1770 |
S-AR | 1789 | 1579 | 0 | 0 | 947 | 884 | 0 | 0 |
R-AR | 1021 | 832 | 3830 | 3164 | 611 | 547 | 2170 | 1770 |
SE | 46,526 | 10,463 | 41,248 | 16,121 | 4832 | 2926 | 1988 | 2303 |
Total | 49,337 | 12,875 | 45,079 | 19,285 | 6389 | 4358 | 4158 | 4073 |
(b) Seed dispersal types | All species | Lucidophyllous tree species | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Understory-intact plot | Understory-cleared plot | Understory-intact plot | Understory-cleared plot | |||||
2006 | 2017 | 2004 | 2017 | 2006 | 2017 | 2004 | 2017 | |
ARG | ||||||||
Wind | 0 | 0 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Gravity | 1095 | 989 | 1564 | 1188 | 1084 | 979 | 1564 | 1188 |
Frugivore | 1716 | 1421 | 2255 | 1964 | 474 | 453 | 606 | 582 |
SE | ||||||||
Wind | 53 | 0 | 679 | 182 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Gravity | 242 | 716 | 909 | 1188 | 242 | 684 | 897 | 1152 |
Frugivore | 46,232 | 9747 | 39,661 | 14,752 | 4589 | 2242 | 1091 | 1152 |
Total | 49,337 | 12,875 | 45,079 | 19,285 | 6389 | 4358 | 4158 | 4073 |
Species richness for the different regeneration origins and seed dispersal types
(a) Regenerated origins | All species | Lucidophyllous tree species | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Understory-intact plot | Understory-cleared plot | Understory-intact plot | Understory-cleared plot | |||||
2006 | 2017 | 2004 | 2017 | 2006 | 2017 | 2004 | 2017 | |
ARG | 36 (51.4)b | 36 (52.9)b | 31 (44.9)b | 28 (41.2)b | 20 (83.3)a | 20 (71.4)a | 19 (82.6)a | 17 (70.8)a |
S-AR | 35 (50.0) | 34 (50.0) | – | – | 19 (79.2) | 18 (64.3) | – | – |
R-AR | 17 (24.3) | 15 (22.1) | 31 (44.9) | 28 (41.2) | 10 (41.7) | 10 (35.7) | 19 (82.6) | 17 (70.8) |
SE | 57 (81.4)a | 63 (92.6)a | 62 (89.9)a | 64 (64.1)a | 13 (54.2)a | 25 (89.3)a | 17 (73.9)a | 21 (87.5)a |
Total | 70 | 68 | 69 | 68 | 24 | 28 | 23 | 24 |
(b) Seed dispersal types | All species | Lucidophyllous tree species | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Understory-intact plot | Understory-cleared plot | Understory-intact plot | Understory-cleared plot | |||||
2006 | 2017 | 2004 | 2017 | 2006 | 2017 | 2004 | 2017 | |
ARG | 36 | 36 | 31 | 28 | 20 | 20 | 19 | 17 |
Wind | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (3.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Gravity | 6 (16.7) | 6 (16.7) | 6 (19.4) | 6 (21.4) | 5 (25.0) | 5 (25.0) | 6 (31.6) | 6 (35.3) |
Frugivore | 30 (83.3) | 30 (83.3) | 24 (77.4) | 21 (70.5) | 15 (75.0) | 15 (75.0) | 13 (68.4) | 11 (64.7) |
SE | 57 | 63 | 62 | 64 | 13 | 25 | 17 | 21 |
Wind | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.2) | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Gravity | 4 (7.0) | 8 (12.7) | 5 (8.1) | 6 (9.4) | 4 (30.8) | 6 (24.0) | 4 (23.5) | 5 (23.8) |
Frugivore | 52 (91.2) | 55 (87.3) | 55 (88.7) | 56 (87.5) | 9 (69.2) | 19 (76.0) | 13 (76.5) | 16 (76.2) |
Total | 70 | 68 | 69 | 68 | 24 | 28 | 23 | 24 |