1 Introduction
2 Experimental Program
2.1 General
2.2 Greek and International Construction Practice on R/C Structural Walls
2.3 Geometrical Characteristics and Detailing of Test Specimens
N/A | Name of specimen | Length l (cm) | Thickness b (cm) | Height (cm) | Longitudinal reinforcement (ratio) | Transverse reinforcement (mm) | s/dl | Nominal tensile strain (‰) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | C-0 | 15 | 7.5 | 76 | 4Ø12 (ρl = 4.02%) | Ø4.2/33 | 2.75 | 0.00 |
2 | C-10 | 15 | 7.5 | 76 | 4Ø12 (ρl = 4.02%) | Ø4.2/33 | 2.75 | 10.00 |
3 | C-20 | 15 | 7.5 | 76 | 4Ø12 (ρl = 4.02%) | Ø4.2/33 | 2.75 | 20.00 |
4 | C-30 | 15 | 7.5 | 76 | 4Ø12 (ρl = 4.02%) | Ø4.2/33 | 2.75 | 30.00 |
5 | C-50 | 15 | 7.5 | 76 | 4Ø12 (ρl = 4.02%) | Ø4.2/33 | 2.75 | 50.00 |
N/A | Name of specimen | Concrete cube resistance at 7 days (MPa) | Concrete cube resistance at 28 days (MPa) | Concrete cube resistance at the day of compression test (MPa) | Concrete cylinder resistance at the day of compression test (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | C-0 | 26.52 | 34.96 | 34.52 | 28.23 |
2 | C-10 | 26.52 | 34.96 | 34.52 | 28.23 |
3 | C-20 | 26.52 | 34.96 | 34.52 | 28.23 |
4 | C-30 | 26.52 | 34.96 | 34.52 | 28.23 |
5 | C-50 | 26.52 | 34.96 | 34.52 | 28.23 |
Reinforcing bar diameter | Yield strength (MPa) | Ultimate strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|
Ø12 (longitudinal reinforcement) | 560.27 | 666.43 |
Ø4.2 (transverse ties) | 674.01 | 674.01 |
Ø5 (spiral reinforcement) | 742.25 | 749.04 |
Steel for metal plates | 404.17 | 582.92 |
2.4 Test Setup for Loading
3 Experimental Findings
3.1 Damage Process and Failure Modes
3.1.1 Specimen C-10
3.1.2 Specimen C-30
3.2 Analysis of Experimental Findings
N/A | Name of specimen | Longitudinal reinforcement | Longitudinal reinforcement ratio (%) | Concrete cylinder resistance at the day of compression test (MPa) | Degree of elongation (‰) | Maximum failure load (kN) | Pu/Pu,0 ‰ (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | C-0 | 4Ø12 | 4.02 | 28.23 | 0.00 | 568 | 100 |
2 | C-10 | 4Ø12 | 4.02 | 28.23 | 10.00 | 574 | 101 |
3 | C-20 | 4Ø12 | 4.02 | 28.23 | 20.00 | 520 | 92 |
4 | C-30 | 4Ø12 | 4.02 | 28.23 | 30.00 | 165 | 29 |
5 | C-50 | 4Ø12 | 4.02 | 28.23 | 50.00 | 150 | 26 |
N/A | Name of specimen | Longitudinal reinforcement | Characterization of failure mode |
---|---|---|---|
1 | C-0 | 4Ø12 | Concrete crushing |
2 | C-10 | 4Ø12 | Concrete crushing |
3 | C-20 | 4Ø12 | Concrete crushing |
4 | C-30 | 4Ø12 | Buckling |
5 | C-50 | 4Ø12 | Buckling |
N/A | Name of specimen | Longitudinal reinforcement | Maximum failure load (kN) | Axial deformation for maximum failure load (mm) | Normalized axial deformation for maximum failure load (‰) | Actual normalized axial deformation for maximum failure load (‰) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | C-0 | 4Ø12 | 568 | 2.90 | 4.53 | 4.53 |
2 | C-10 | 4Ø12 | 574 | 11.00 | 17.19 | 7.19 |
3 | C-20 | 4Ø12 | 520 | 15.64 | 24.44 | 4.44 |
4 | C-30 | 4Ø12 | 165 | 3.00 | 4.69 | 4.69 |
5 | C-50 | 4Ø12 | 150 | 3.00 | 4.69 | 4.69 |
4 Analytical Procedure
4.1 Empirical Equation for Ultimate Failure Load
N/A | Name of specimen | Dimensions (cm) | Longitudinal reinforcement | Transverse reinforcement (mm) | Longitudinal reinforcement ratio (%) | Degree of elongation (‰) | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | L-0 | 15 × 7.5 × 76 | 4 × D8 | D4.2@33 | 1.79 | 0.00 | (Chrysanidis 2019) |
2 | L-10 | 15 × 7.5 × 76 | 4 × D8 | D4.2@33 | 1.79 | 10.00 | |
3 | L-20 | 15 × 7.5 × 76 | 4 × D8 | D4.2@33 | 1.79 | 20.00 | |
4 | L-30 | 15 × 7.5 × 76 | 4 × D8 | D4.2@33 | 1.79 | 30.00 | |
5 | L-50 | 15 × 7.5 × 76 | 4 × D8 | D4.2@33 | 1.79 | 50.00 | |
6 | H-0 | 15 × 7.5 × 76 | 4 × D8 + 2 × D10 | D4.2@33 | 3.19 | 0.00 | |
7 | H-10 | 15 × 7.5 × 76 | 4 × D8 + 2 × D10 | D4.2@33 | 3.19 | 10.00 | |
8 | H-20 | 15 × 7.5 × 76 | 4 × D8 + 2 × D10 | D4.2@33 | 3.19 | 20.00 | |
9 | H-30 | 15 × 7.5 × 76 | 4 × D8 + 2 × D10 | D4.2@33 | 3.19 | 30.00 | |
10 | H-50 | 15 × 7.5 × 76 | 4 × D8 + 2 × D10 | D4.2@33 | 3.19 | 50.00 |
N/A | Name of specimen | Longitudinal reinforcement | Longitudinal reinforcement ratio (%) | Experimental ultimate failure load (kN) | Analytical ultimate failure load (kN) | Comparison (Pu,exp/Pu,an) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | C-0 | 4Ø12 | 4.02 | 568 | 568.00 | 1.00 |
2 | C-10 | 4Ø12 | 4.02 | 574 | 565.00 | 1.02 |
3 | C-20 | 4Ø12 | 4.02 | 520 | 530.33 | 0.98 |
4 | C-30 | 4Ø12 | 4.02 | 165 | 220.33 | 0.75 |
5 | C-50 | 4Ø12 | 4.02 | 150 | 197.00 | 0.76 |
Source | Specimen label | Experimental failure load (kN) | Analytical failure load (kN) | Comparison (Pu,exp/Pu,an) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Chrysanidis 2019) | L-0 | 430.00 | 430.00 | 1.00 |
L-10 | 410.00 | 427.00 | 0.96 | |
L-20 | 425.00 | 392.33 | 1.08 | |
L-30 | 110.00 | 82.33 | 1.34 | |
L-50 | 90.00 | 59.00 | 1.53 | |
H-0 | 500.00 | 500.00 | 1.00 | |
H-10 | 505.00 | 497.00 | 1.02 | |
H-20 | 440.00 | 462.33 | 0.95 | |
H-30 | 180.00 | 152.33 | 1.18 | |
H-50 | 145.00 | 129.00 | 1.12 |
4.2 Empirical Equation for Shortening at Maximum Failure Load
N/A | Name of specimen | Longitudinal reinforcement | Experimental normalized shortening at failure load (‰) | Analytical normalized shortening at failure load (‰) | Comparison (Δhβ,Pu,exp/Δhβ,Pu,an) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | C-0 | 4Ø12 | 4.53 | 4.53 | 1.00 |
2 | C-10 | 4Ø12 | 17.19 | 17.06 | 1.01 |
3 | C-20 | 4Ø12 | 24.44 | 27.34 | 0.89 |
4 | C-30 | 4Ø12 | 4.69 | 11.04 | 0.42 |
5 | C-50 | 4Ø12 | 4.69 | 6.16 | 0.76 |
Source | Specimen label | Experimental normalized shortening at failure load (‰) | Analytical normalized shortening at failure load (‰) | Comparison (Δhβ,Pu,exp/Δhβ,Pu,an) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Chrysanidis 2019) | L-0 | 6.09 | 6.09 | 1.00 |
L-10 | 16.09 | 18.62 | 0.86 | |
L-20 | 31.25 | 28.90 | 1.08 | |
L-30 | 15.47 | 12.60 | 1.23 | |
L-50 | 7.50 | 7.72 | 0.97 | |
H-0 | 2.66 | 2.66 | 1.00 | |
H-10 | 17.59 | 15.19 | 1.16 | |
H-20 | 26.02 | 25.47 | 1.02 | |
H-30 | 12.66 | 9.17 | 1.38 | |
H-50 | 5.98 | 4.29 | 1.39 |