1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials and Sample Preparation
Chemical composition | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | MgO | SO3 | Na2O | K2O |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type II Portland cement (%) | 21.84 | 4.56 | 3.52 | 63.01 | 3.60 | 1.75 | 0.18 | 0.53 |
Name | Density (g/cm3) | Water absorption (%) |
---|---|---|
Gravel 9.5–19 mm | 2.49 | 2.85 |
Gravel 6–12 mm | 2.65 | 2.40 |
Sand 0–6 mm | 2.67 | 2.00 |
Name | Density (g/cm3) | Nature | Active material % |
---|---|---|---|
SRA | 0.9 | Polypropylene glycol, non-ionic | 90 |
Superplasticizer | 1.08 | Polycarboxylate, non-ionic | 35 |
Name | Compositions | Water absorption | Density (g/cm3) | Tensile strength (MPa) | Modulus of elasticity (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emboss fiber | Polypropylene, modified co-polymer | None | 0.91 | 600 | 5500 |
Name | OPC 0.35 | SRA 0.35 | FIBER 0.35 | SRA & FIBER 0.35 | OPC 0.4 | SRA 0.4 | FIBER 0.4 | SRA & FIBER 0.4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Run | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
W/C | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Cement (kg) | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 | 400 |
Gravel 9.5–19 (kg) | 375.6 | 375.6 | 375.6 | 375.6 | 365.3 | 365.3 | 365.3 | 365.3 |
Gravel 6–12 (kg) | 469.5 | 469.5 | 469.5 | 469.5 | 456.6 | 456.6 | 456.6 | 456.6 |
Sand 0–6 (kg) | 1032.8 | 1032.8 | 1032.8 | 1032.8 | 1004.6 | 1004.6 | 1004.6 | 1004.6 |
Water (kg) | 140 | 140 | 140 | 140 | 160 | 160 | 160 | 160 |
Superplasticizer (kg) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 2.3 |
SRA (kg) | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 |
Polypropylene fiber (kg) | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
Density (kg/m3) | 2372 | 2363 | 2375 | 2380 | 2344 | 2334 | 2297 | 2303 |
Slump (mm) | 68 | 72 | 75 | 75 | 70 | 69 | 55 | 72 |
2.2 Test Method
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Slump Flow and Density
3.2 Mechanical Properties
Concrete type | Age | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 days | 28 days | 90 days | ||||
Compressive Str. (MPa) | Flexural Str. (MPa) | Compressive Str. (MPa) | Flexural Str. (MPa) | Compressive Str. (MPa) | Flexural Str. (MPa) | |
OPC 0.35 | 42.88 | 7.44 | 53.58 | 8.36 | 57.97 | 9.14 |
SRA 0.35 | 39.15 | 7.41 | 51.34 | 7.65 | 53.19 | 8.59 |
FIBER 0.35 | 51.14 | 9.00 | 63.74 | 8.60 | 67.17 | 10.03 |
SRA & FIBER 0.35 | 47.72 | 7.53 | 57.24 | 9.01 | 61.82 | 9.54 |
OPC 0.4 | 34.14 | 6.79 | 46.66 | 7.54 | 51.04 | 7.79 |
SRA 0.4 | 33.07 | 6.73 | 44.71 | 7.12 | 48.24 | 7.29 |
FIBER 0.4 | 33.57 | 6.41 | 44.22 | 6.52 | 48.78 | 6.60 |
SRA & FIBER 0.4 | 37.37 | 7.01 | 52.16 | 7.07 | 55.18 | 7.35 |
Sample name | Age | I5 | I10 | I20 |
---|---|---|---|---|
FIBER 0.4 | 7 days | 2.097 | 2.448 | 2.923 |
28 days | 2.025 | 2.324 | 2.786 | |
90 days | 1.89 | 2.006 | 2.204 | |
FIBER 0.35 | 7 days | 2.154 | 2.374 | 2.723 |
28 days | 2.09 | 2.333 | 2.644 | |
90 days | 2.088 | 2.214 | 2.417 |
Source | Sum of squares | df | Mean square | F-value | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Block | 3161.61 | 2 | 1580.81 | |||
Model | 2778.27 | 7 | 396.90 | 141.01 | < 0.0001 | Significant |
A-W/C | 1734.42 | 1 | 1734.42 | 616.19 | < 0.0001 | |
B-SRA | 23.46 | 1 | 23.46 | 8.33 | 0.0053 | |
C-Fiber | 514.39 | 1 | 514.39 | 182.75 | < 0.0001 | |
AB | 183.73 | 1 | 183.73 | 65.28 | < 0.0001 | |
AC | 173.93 | 1 | 173.93 | 61.79 | < 0.0001 | |
BC | 47.16 | 1 | 47.16 | 16.75 | 0.0001 | |
ABC | 101.18 | 1 | 101.18 | 35.95 | < 0.0001 | |
Residual | 174.51 | 62 | 2.81 | |||
Lack of fit | 36.48 | 14 | 2.61 | 0.9060 | 0.5583 | Not significant |
Pure error | 138.04 | 48 | 2.88 | |||
Cor total | 6114.39 | 71 | ||||
R2 | 0.9409 | Adjusted R2 | 0.9342 | Predicted R2 | 0.9203 |
Source | Sum of squares | df | Mean square | F-value | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Block | 0.0464 | 2 | 0.0232 | |||
Model | 0.2600 | 7 | 0.0371 | 34.42 | < 0.0001 | Significant |
A-W/C | 0.1947 | 1 | 0.1947 | 180.38 | < 0.0001 | |
B-SRA | 0.0000 | 1 | 0.0000 | 0.0194 | 0.8897 | |
C-Fiber | 0.0002 | 1 | 0.0002 | 0.1450 | 0.7047 | |
AB | 0.0104 | 1 | 0.0104 | 9.64 | 0.0029 | |
AC | 0.0326 | 1 | 0.0326 | 30.17 | < 0.0001 | |
BC | 0.0101 | 1 | 0.0101 | 9.36 | 0.0033 | |
ABC | 0.0121 | 1 | 0.0121 | 11.24 | 0.0014 | |
Residual | 0.0669 | 62 | 0.0011 | |||
Lack of fit | 0.0212 | 14 | 0.0015 | 1.59 | 0.1170 | Not significant |
Pure error | 0.0457 | 48 | 0.0010 | |||
Cor total | 0.3733 | 71 | ||||
R2 | 0.7953 | Adjusted R2 | 0.7722 | Predicted R2 | 0.7240 |
3.3 Electrical Resistance
Concrete type | Age | ||
---|---|---|---|
7 days | 28 days | 90 days | |
OPC 0.35 | 13.67 | 16.75 | 23.33 |
SRA 0.35 | 11.67 | 15.17 | 22.76 |
FIBER 0.35 | 14.17 | 18.77 | 25.77 |
SRA & FIBER 0.35 | 13.83 | 17.5 | 24.17 |
OPC 0.4 | 10.62 | 12.92 | 17 |
SRA 0.4 | 7.63 | 9.32 | 13 |
FIBER 0.4 | 9.77 | 12.33 | 16.42 |
SRA & FIBER 0.4 | 11.17 | 13.83 | 18.33 |
Source | Sum of squares | df | Mean square | F-value | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Block | 0.0362 | 2 | 0.0181 | |||
Model | 0.0323 | 7 | 0.0046 | 215.93 | < 0.0001 | Significant |
A-W/C | 0.0230 | 1 | 0.0230 | 1076.25 | < 0.0001 | |
B-SRA | 0.0014 | 1 | 0.0014 | 63.59 | < 0.0001 | |
C-Fiber | 0.0032 | 1 | 0.0032 | 150.89 | < 0.0001 | |
AB | 0.0000 | 1 | 0.0000 | 1.62 | 0.2085 | |
AC | 0.0002 | 1 | 0.0002 | 8.66 | 0.0046 | |
BC | 0.0027 | 1 | 0.0027 | 125.71 | < 0.0001 | |
ABC | 0.0018 | 1 | 0.0018 | 84.80 | < 0.0001 | |
Residual | 0.0013 | 62 | 0.0000 | |||
Lack of fit | 0.0004 | 14 | 0.0000 | 1.43 | 0.1780 | Not significant |
Pure error | 0.0009 | 48 | 0.0000 | |||
Cor total | 0.0698 | 71 | ||||
R2 | 0.9606 | Adjusted R2 | 0.9561 | Predicted R2 | 0.9469 |
3.4 Free Shrinkage
Source | Sum of squares | df | Mean square | F-value | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Block | 0.4138 | 9 | 0.0460 | |||
Model | 0.0340 | 6 | 0.0057 | 54.71 | < 0.0001 | Significant |
A-W/C | 0.0012 | 1 | 0.0012 | 11.44 | 0.0012 | |
B-SRA | 0.0142 | 1 | 0.0142 | 136.56 | < 0.0001 | |
C-Fiber | 0.0156 | 1 | 0.0156 | 150.73 | < 0.0001 | |
AB | 0.0020 | 1 | 0.0020 | 18.90 | < 0.0001 | |
AC | 0.0004 | 1 | 0.0004 | 3.89 | 0.0528 | |
BC | 0.0007 | 1 | 0.0007 | 6.75 | 0.0116 | |
Residual | 0.0066 | 64 | 0.0001 | |||
Cor total | 0.4544 | 209 | ||||
R2 | 0.8368 | Adjusted R2 | 0.8216 | Predicted R2 | 0.7451 |
3.5 Restrained Shrinkage
3.6 Relationship Between Free and Restrained Shrinkage
3.7 Design of Concrete Pavement Slab
Parameters | Description | Value |
---|---|---|
W18 | Predicted number of 80 KN (18,000 lb) ESALs | 32,800,000 |
ZR | Standard normal deviate | − 1.645 |
So | Combined standard error of the traffic prediction and performance prediction | 0.35 |
D | Slab thickness (in.) | Design output |
Pt | Terminal serviceability index | 2.5 |
ΔPSI | Difference between the initial design serviceability index, po, and the design terminal serviceability index, pt | 2 |
\(S_{c}^{t}\) | Modulus of rupture of PCC (flexural strength) (psi) | Identified based on concrete type |
Cd | Drainage coefficient | 1 |
J | Load transfer coefficient (value depends upon the load transfer efficiency) | 2.8 |
Ec | Elastic modulus of PCC (psi) | Identified based on concrete type |
k | Modulus of subgrade reaction (pci) | 350 |
Concrete type | Fc (MPa) | Ec (MPa) | Sc (MPa) | D (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
OPC 0.35 | 53.58 | 34,915.62 | 8.36 | 204 |
SRA 0.35 | 51.34 | 34,177.97 | 7.65 | 215 |
FIBER 0.35 | 63.74 | 38,082.41 | 8.6 | 202 |
SRA & FIBER 0.35 | 57.24 | 36,088.45 | 9.01 | 196 |
Concrete type | σc or Sc (MPa) | fa | γc (kg/m3) | L (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
OPC 0.35 | 8.36 | 1.8 | 2372 | 399 |
SRA 0.35 | 7.65 | 1.8 | 2363 | 366 |
FIBER 0.35 | 8.6 | 1.8 | 2375 | 410 |
SRA & FIBER 0.35 | 9.01 | 1.8 | 2380 | 428 |
Concrete type | ΔL (m) | αt (1/°C) | ΔT (°C) | C | ɛ | L (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OPC 0.35 | 0.004 | 10.8 × 106 | 40 | 0.65 | 7.7 × 104 | 5.12 |
SRA 0.35 | 0.004 | 10.8 × 106 | 40 | 0.65 | 5.4 × 104 | 6.33 |
FIBER 0.35 | 0.004 | 10.8 × 106 | 40 | 0.65 | 6.29 × 104 | 5.80 |
SRA & FIBER 0.35 | 0.004 | 10.8 × 106 | 40 | 0.65 | 4.8 × 104 | 6.75 |
3.8 Cost Analysis and Choose the Best Alternative
Concrete type | Initial cost (Tomans/m3) |
---|---|
OPC 0.35 | 550,000 |
SRA 0.35 | 1,000,000 |
FIBER 0.35 | 900,000 |
SRA & FIBER 0.35 | 1,250,000 |
Concrete type | Initial cost (Tomans/m2) |
---|---|
OPC 0.35 | 255,000 |
SRA 0.35 | 335,000 |
FIBER 0.35 | 305,000 |
SRA & FIBER 0.35 | 360,000 |