Micrometeorology

verfasst von: Thomas Foken, Matthias Mauder

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Springer Atmospheric Sciences

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

The book focuses on atmospheric processes that directly influence human environments within the lower 100–1000 meters of the atmosphere, spanning regions of only a few kilometers in size. It represents the English translation of the fourth edition of the German work titled "Applied Meteorology – Micrometeorological Methods". It provides a fundamental understanding of micrometeorology as applied to various disciplines, including biometeorology, agrometeorology, hydrometeorology, technical meteorology, environmental meteorology, and biogeosciences, through carefully selected examples.

A central theme of this book revolves around the crucial issues of transport processes and fluxes between the atmosphere and the underlying surface, with special emphasis on vegetated and heterogeneous surfaces. The authors comprehensively cover theory, measurement techniques, experimental methods, and modeling, presenting these concepts in a manner that can be readily applied for teaching, research, or practical applications.

Compared to the second edition, the new features include updates and minor additions in all chapters, as well as selected new content that addresses the challenges posed by climate change.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

1. General Basics

Abstract

This introductory chapter provides the basics for this book, and terms such as micrometeorology, atmospheric boundary layer, and meteorological scales are defined and presented in relation to the subject matter of this book. Besides an historical outline, the energy and water balance equations at the Earth’s surface and the transport processes are discussed. Thus, the micrometeorological basics are described in order to be able to deepen theoretical and experimental questions in the following chapters.

Thomas Foken, Matthias Mauder

2. Basic Equations of Atmospheric Turbulence

Abstract

Before starting the derivation of the equations for the turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and trace gases (Sect. 2.3), we present a short introduction into the basic equations. These include the equations of mean and turbulent motions, describing the transport and for energy and matter (Sect. 2.1), and the conservation equation for the turbulence kinetic energy (Sect. 2.2). To illustrate the importance of micrometeorological equations and parameterizations for modelling on all scales, different closure techniques of the turbulent differential equations are described (Sect. 2.1.3). The more practical user of this book can proceed directly to Sect. 2.3.

Thomas Foken, Matthias Mauder

3. Specifics of the Near-Surface Turbulence

Abstract

The equations given in Chap. 2 describe atmospheric turbulence near the surface for ideal conditions such as horizontally homogeneous surfaces free of obstacles, steady-state conditions, and others. Such conditions are rarely found in the nature, since the Earth’s surface is never completely flat and surface properties vary. Furthermore, all processes are not steady-state because of changing cloudiness and the diurnal cycle of irradiation. In this chapter, the properties of a vegetated and heterogeneous surface and its influences on the exchange process are described. Because these effects are substantial, they must be taken into account in all measurements and modelling efforts of atmospheric turbulence.

Thomas Foken, Matthias Mauder

4. Experimental Methods for Estimating the Fluxes of Energy and Matter

Abstract

In meteorology and climatology, typically only specific atmospheric variables are measured in operational networks and energy and matter fluxes cannot easily be determined. However, increased research on climate change issues and associated feedbacks in the Earth system over the past 20 years has led to a need for reliable measurements of evaporation, carbon uptake by forests, agricultural lands, and lakes, and fluxes of other greenhouse gases. So far, these measurements were primarily for research purposes but their integration into operational networks is increasing. The measurements are very complex and need comprehensive micrometeorological knowledge. Most of the measurement methods are based on simplifications and special conditions, and therefore their implementation is not trivial. In the following chapter, overview tables provide guidance to the reader about areas of applications and related costs of the various methods.

Thomas Foken, Matthias Mauder

5. Modelling of the Energy and Matter Exchange

Abstract

Within micrometeorology the term modelling is not uniquely defined. It refers to various methods covering a range of complexity extending from simple regressions up to complicated numerical models. In applied meteorology (agrometeorology and hydrometeorology) simple analytical models are very common. Modelling of evaporation is particularly important but sophisticated numerical methods are not yet widely used in this research area.—The following section describes different types of models and their limitations beginning with simple analytical methods up to numerical models of near-surface energy and matter transport. Special attention is given to large-eddy simulation, which is increasingly used in urban boundary layer modelling, flow around wind turbines, and also in basic micrometeorological research. The application of models in heterogeneous terrain receives special attention and related flux averaging approaches are addressed in a separate section.

Thomas Foken, Matthias Mauder

6. Measurement Technique

Abstract

Because meteorological measurements are primarily taken in the near-surface layer, they are carried out in the micrometeorological scale. Recently, a very comprehensive "Springer Handbook of Atmospheric Measurements" was published in 2021, which also largely covers the micrometeorological field. In addition, textbooks are available that describe specific sensor groups. However, textbooks on boundary-layer and agricultural meteorology also contain metrological sections. Unlike in other books with extensive descriptions of meteorological instrumentation, here only general principles of micrometeorological measurement techniques are described. Of special importance in this book are techniques for the optimal adaptation of the sensors to the surrounding environment—the turbulent atmosphere. The quality assurance of observations is another focal point.

Thomas Foken, Matthias Mauder

7. Microclimatology

Abstract

Microclimatology investigates mean states and permanent repeated phenomena on the micrometeorological scale. These are small-scale circulation systems such as mountain and valley winds, land-sea wind circulations, and katabatic winds. These phenomena are the subjects of many textbooks. Therefore, the following section does not provide a comprehensive overview, but rather discusses some typical microclimatological phenomena. These phenomena are present under special weather situations and influence the small-scale climate in typical ways. Many of these local effects are described only in regional publications. The impressive wind system of the foehn is not described because it exists on the larger meteorological scale.

Thomas Foken, Matthias Mauder

8. Selected Practical Applications

Abstract

In the previous chapters, the basics of applied meteorology were presented. In this chapter, some examples of applications are presented which are important for practical work. Certainly, all countries have their own standards and other rules for expert reports, methods, and software programs; thus, in this chapter we can give only some hints that are not greatly different from the German regulations, which are also available in English.

Thomas Foken, Matthias Mauder

Backmatter

Titel: Micrometeorology
verfasst von: Thomas Foken
Matthias Mauder
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-47526-9
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-47525-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47526-9