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2023 | Buch

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The Social City

Space as Collaborative Media to Enhance the Value of the City

herausgegeben von: Yasuhiro Kawahara, Saburo Saito, Junichi Suzuki

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

Buchreihe : New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book is the first coherent presentation of the latest research and practices concerned with how recent advances in mobile information and communication technology (ICT) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are utilized to enhance the value of the city and change the way that city planning and management are carried out. Its salient feature is the pursuit of the individual-oriented evaluative point of view regarding the city. This view considers the value of the city to be the total of visit-values individuals feel and appreciate when they visit the city. The visit-value is conceptualized as the intangible asset value of the attractiveness of the city that visitors form in their minds based on their experiences and activities in the city, transactions with city space, and communications with other people. Visitors to the city may well be quite heterogeneous individuals with different motives and preferences. Thus, to enhance the value of the city, quite different visit values of heterogeneous individuals should be enhanced simultaneously, which necessitates the use of ICT and IoT in living spaces. Based on this view, the city utilizing ICT and IoT to enhance the value of the city is called the social city. Whereas many other books deal with the impacts of the advances in mobile ICT on the city, they only discuss how these advances change the infrastructure of the city but do not discuss how these technological advances can be utilized to enhance the city’s value. This book first develops the concept of the social city based on an individual micro-behavioral approach. Then, it presents the latest studies on technological components of the social city, such as the human-sensing technology for estimating individual behavior, decision making, and mood; the visualizing technology of the thermal 3-dimensional environment of the city; and the social-sensing technology using social networking service (SNS) for measuring and creating an atmosphere of city space. Finally, it envisages the future of the social city.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Consumer Behaviors and New Urban Development Trends

Abstract

Much attention has been paid to urban development that focuses on revitalizing the city through human communication. In this chapter, the challenge of new urban development using information and communication technology (ICT) is considered “the social city,” and the framework for viewing the city and urban development is outlined. In particular, we elaborate on the relationships between the city and its visitors, consumer behavior and urban development, and urban development mechanisms and ICT. Finally, we provide an overview of the organization of this book.

Saburo Saito, Yasuhiro Kawahara

Activity and Value in Towns

Frontmatter

Chapter 2. The Evaluation of Urban Development Policies: From Activity Effect Approach to Consumer Behavior Approach

Abstract

We discuss the evaluation schemes employed explicitly or implicitly in city planning research. Based on the activity effect evaluation scheme for evaluating urban development policies, we explain how our Kaiyu studies have evolved. Furthermore, we discuss why we focus on Kaiyu behavior and why consumer behaviors are related to the evaluation of urban development policies while demonstrating the concrete examples of our past studies on urban development policies.

Saburo Saito, Kosuke Yamashiro, Masakuni Iwami

Chapter 3. The Goal of Urban Development: An Emerging View of Town Equity

Abstract

We introduce the concept of “town equity” to clarify the goal of urban development. The concept of town equity is defined as the asset value of the town’s attractiveness fostered in the minds of visitors to the town. Thus, to increase town equity, it is necessary to increase the visit value of an individual visitor to the town. For this purpose, we will discuss the importance of on-site decision support using mobile information and communication technology (ICT) to satisfy the needs of diverse visitors. Furthermore, using our Kaiyu studies as examples, we will deepen the understanding of how to scientifically evaluate urban development policies.

Saburo Saito, Kosuke Yamashiro, Masakuni Iwami

Chapter 4. City Marketing

Abstract

With the widespread use of the Internet, customers’ choices in making purchasing decisions have expanded not only across physical stores but also to the web. By making it easy to purchase products from anywhere at any time and at lower prices, online stores have considerably reduced consumption at physical stores, especially by the younger generation. An increasing number of consumers use the Internet exclusively to purchase their requirements. Furthermore, people also visit physical stores to compare products and prices and then make their purchases at online shops that sell them at a lower price, effectively using physical stores as showrooms for online stores.

It is difficult to implement the idea of comfort merely as a service from the viewpoint of hardware functionality and system rationality and apply it to a wide range of users; this also requires user experience (UX) design. In this chapter, we introduce a UX-driven approach to increase loyalty and encourage visitors to become enthusiasts of the town, thereby stopping the outflow of customers to the Internet and neighboring cities, by creating a space that is valuable for each visitor.

Junichi Suzuki

Chapter 5. Kaiyu Analytics Enhances the Value of the City: The Town Equity and Big Data

Abstract

We discuss the significance of big data to urban studies from the perspective of Kaiyu analytics. Kaiyu refers to consumers’ shop-around or walk-around behaviors within the city center commercial district. Kaiyu analytics first defines Kaiyu as the sequence of individual consumers’ simultaneous decisions about which destinations they choose, for what purposes, and how much they spend, if any, in the order of the occurrence, records and collects Kaiyu micro-behavior history data, and analyzes and utilizes them to evaluate urban development policies and ultimately to enhance the value of the city. To see how Kaiyu analytics works, we review our Kaiyu studies and describe how they lead us to the concept of town equity, which defines the value of the city as the asset value of the attractiveness of the city the visitors to the city embrace in their minds. We explain how the concept of town equity drastically changes our traditional goal and scope of urban development. Once we noticed the goal of urban development as maximizing the town equity, urban policies begin to include all interventions to change visitors’ behaviors and minds not restricted to the traditional physical facilities constructions. Nevertheless, we can keep the framework of evaluating urban policies by verifying their effects on consumers’ behaviors and minds, which becomes the town equity research we seek. The most challenging theme in town equity research now is to explore how the information affects people. The enormous significance of big data for town equity research is that we can observe and record how individuals interact with information to make their choices, and even we can intervene with these individuals to support their on-site decision-making. If this becomes possible, excellent research frontiers will open. The town equity management system is the apparatus that accumulates this kind of big data and utilizes it for strategic town management to enhance the value of the city.

Saburo Saito, Kosuke Yamashiro, Masakuni Iwami

Activity Visualization in Cities for Urban Development

Frontmatter

Chapter 6. Use of Social Graphs and Social Networking Sites

Abstract

Current consumers do not favor unilaterally delivered advertising information via the mass media. Consumer behavior models are evolving and diversifying because the Internet has rendered communication between consumers interactive. Thus, new information transmission methods targeting consumers already interested in products are examined. Targeting such consumers changes expression methods and a product’s appeal points, and product information is transmitted via multiple social networking services (SNS).

Alongside the direct transmission of information, there is the indirect delivery of information through influencers, who serve as a node of information dissemination among target consumers and relevant audiences. Here, we analyze the history of SNS such as Facebook and Twitter, which are new media that complement conventional mass media and are used by the majority of the population via the Internet. We explain the use status of “social graphs,” which show the correlation and connection of people on the Internet. Moreover, regarding city planning, we consider Grand Front Osaka, a commercial complex in Osaka, Japan, which is planning to use information and communication technology to formulate the city’s redevelopment. To attract customers in real space, Grand Front Osaka is working on using social graphs and forming an SNS community beyond the Internet space.

Junichi Suzuki

Chapter 7. Mobile Communications in Japan

Abstract

The fostering of active communication on social networking services to revitalize the local community requires the proliferation of mobile communication terminals (MCTs) and the improvement of the communication environment. In this chapter, we outline the configuration and usage of mobile communication networks that are necessary for obtaining and sharing information in real space. We begin by revisiting the history of mobile communication terminals and mobile networks, primarily focusing on the history of Japan. Next, we introduce cloud networks and mobile sensing, which are feasible mainly because of the development of MCTs and mobile networks. Subsequently, we introduce certain recent applications enabled by MCTs and mobile networks that revitalize the local community.

Yasuhiro Kawahara, Hiroshi Yoshida

Monitoring Methods of Human Activity and Environment in Open Space

Frontmatter

Chapter 8. Mobile Sensing Technologies and Their Diverse Potentials

Abstract

Since billions of people around the globe are now always carrying high-performance computers with various kinds of sensors and communication capabilities such as smartphones, smartwatches, and other wearable devices, the potentials of mobile sensing technologies (MSTs) have emerged. However, satellite-based localization technologies such as the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) have difficulties expanding to indoor environments where people spend most of their lifetime, and that limits the potentials of MSTs. In this section, localization methods which can be applicable to GPS-denied environments are introduced and their real-world applications are described.

Masakatsu Kourogi

Chapter 9. Visualization of the Urban Thermal Environment Using Thermography

Abstract

In addition to the physical cityscape, a unique thermal environment is present in every city that is not directly visible but exerts considerable influence on the daily lives of urban residents. The spatial and temporal distributions of surface temperatures across the urban environment are related to the spatial form and constituent materials of the city and can be visualized using thermal infrared cameras to observe and investigate the resulting urban thermal environment.

Akira Hoyano, Hiroki Takahashi

Chapter 10. Designing the Urban Thermal Environment Using Thermal Simulation

Abstract

A method is introduced to predict the future thermal environment of a city by inputting a three-dimensional computer-aided design model of the area, conducting a heat balance simulation, and visualizing the results to inform the design of a comfortable urban environment. The design and planning criteria for creating cool living spaces called “cool spots” in the city are discussed, and methods for the planning of a cooler city in the summer are reviewed. Finally, a case study of the city of Tsuchiura in Ibaraki Prefecture, located in the Greater Tokyo Area, is considered to evaluate its past, present, and future thermal environment. This design example is used to show how the simulation result can be used to visualize the created cool spots and discuss a comfortable and attractive city plan with a low environmental burden.

Akira Hoyano, Hiroki Takahashi

Chapter 11. The Key to Comfortable Space Design

Abstract

Evaluation of the comfort of space is essential when designing urban areas. Many studies have attempted to objectively evaluate the mind, including psychophysiological methods in which participants were instructed to wear instruments that may have become stressors, potentially interfering with the interpretation of the results. Therefore, in the current study, we attempted to evaluate emotion using thermography, which does not require the use of instruments, is noninvasive, does not impose physical limitations, and can measure nasal skin temperature from a position away from an individual. The results revealed that the nasal skin temperature decreased when stress levels rose; however, the temperature rose when the stress level decreased, that is, during the psychological recovery phase. These findings suggest that by examining these relationships, it is possible to estimate increases and decreases in stress levels by measuring nasal skin temperature using thermography. Furthermore, we introduced experimental results regarding psychological changes in the living environment and discussed the possibility of applying this evaluation method to comfort evaluations in urban design.

Mikiko Kumamoto, Mototsugu Yanagida, Yasuhiro Kawahara

Chapter 12. Measuring Brain Activities in the Real World

Abstract

Until now, brain activity measurement has been performed in an experimental environment in the laboratory. However, recent advances in EEG devices have made it possible to measure brain activity in the real world. Humans often act on the basis of unconscious brain activity. By using such an advanced EEG device, it has become possible to visualize unconscious brain activity in the real world. For example, by visualizing and increasing unconscious brain activity related to sound processing, it is possible to distinguish sounds that could not be distinguished. Furthermore, unconscious brain activity related to mental workload can be visualized by using an advanced EEG device.

Yasushi Naruse

Utilization of Communication Service and Town Management

Frontmatter

Chapter 13. Image and Sound of the City

Abstract

It is difficult to describe the impression of a city because a simple combination of the atmosphere of the city’s components is not always the overall atmosphere of the city itself. To represent the overall impression of a city, we should consider the ambience of the respective components therein, such as buildings and parks, and their atmosphere, which is a combination of these components. Social sensors, which are the massive number of social media users, enable capturing the atmosphere as a whole. This chapter attempts to represent the urban atmosphere by exploiting social sensors and demonstrates a soundscape map, focusing on sound impressions in cities.

Eiji Aramaki, Shoko Wakamiya

Chapter 14. Mapping the Mood in a City Using Geo-Located Text Data: Case Study of Yaizu Onomatopoeia Map

Abstract

The topic of “mood” in a city has been receiving much attention lately. Numerous tourists walk around the city to capture its authentic quality, and amorphous concepts related to city moods such as townscapes and regional characteristics are discussed in city planning and regional management today. To study this topic, we created a mood map of the city based on geo-located text data containing peoples’ expressions about the city mood, especially using onomatopoeias. We collected data through a city walk in Yaizu City with 40 participants. Each participant walked around the city, providing data such as onomatopoeia on a smartphone app named “100ninmap.” The data along with locations were transmitted to a server and mapped. We classified onomatopoeia based on the five senses and prepared illustrations of participants’ expressions to develop the “Yaizu Onomatopoeia Map.” Finally, we demonstrated the quantifiability of the data to conclude that these offered information regarding the mood of the city.

Yusuke Kita

Chapter 15. Town Management Organization in Japan

Abstract

To create a vibrant city, “hardware,” including roads and buildings, must be maintained, and an appropriate environment should be created for “software,” like the communication of people therein. However, Japanese towns and commercial areas have lost their vitality, and it is unclear what to do with them and how to leverage and activate them. To resolve this, towns and commercial areas must be revitalized using the “town management method,” which involves comprehensively managing the entire town. The targets of town management include the development of major infrastructure, information transmission, and event planning. These approaches are practiced but are often performed individually by different organizations and people, and the effects are not easily spread throughout the town. Therefore, these efforts should be conducted in a unified manner. Here, a “town management organization” (TMO) is needed to execute these efforts. With the trust of the people involved in town development, such as cities, various organizations (commercial and industrial associations, merchant associations, etc.), merchants, and citizens, TMO is a semi-public sector organization that could promote town development. In this chapter, “Roppongi Hills” is an example of a TMO that encourages the formation of fans and raises consumers’ sense of belonging by promoting visitors’ community activity.

Junichi Suzuki

Social City Development Using Social and Physical Information in Cities

Frontmatter

Chapter 16. The Future of Real-World Marketing

Abstract

Information and communication technology (ICT) has been increasingly proliferating into towns. Communication between visitors regarding current information about the town is expected to increase in the future with the further development of communication tools such as SNSs. In future towns, it would be possible to monitor various constituent elements of the city, such as people, buildings, and the environment, in real time. In such a scenario, the revitalization of the town and the value of the space can be promoted by creating a place where visitors can communicate closely with each other, thereby forming a community in real space.

In this chapter, we first review the efforts to visualize customer traffic aimed at the revitalization of the town and customer relationship management (CRM) measures using advanced ICT that are spreading to local areas. We introduce examples of the use of advanced sensing technology to visualize and enhance each visitor’s comfort level. We then describe a case study on the confluence of SNS and wearable devices aimed at revitalizing the local community by targeting modern consumers with a strong interest in sports.

Junichi Suzuki, Yasuhiro Kawahara

Chapter 17. Blockchain for Decision-Making

Abstract

In Chap. 4, an approach to attracting and engaging new consumers using leading-edge technology was introduced from a user experience (UX) perspective. This chapter delves into the underlying technology, blockchain, that enables such applications. Blockchain is a technology that has the potential to revolutionize society. It builds a distributed ledger on a network and is expected to be used not only in the financial domain but also in a wide range of fields as a new trust protocol to ensure the legitimacy of information that travels across the Internet. In this chapter, the features of blockchain and the context of the background in 2016 that led to the adoption of the Blockchain 2.0 scheme as a decentralized platform during the heyday of Web 2.0 are explained.

Junichi Suzuki

Chapter 18. Web 3.0 and Blockchain in Real City

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT), sensing technologies, and artificial intelligence (AI) are fundamental for social cities. The emergence of new technologies from these fields has broadened the concept of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) and advanced the progress towards seamless communication services without boundaries between physical and digital spaces. However, this also implies that the challenging issues pertaining to anonymity and trustworthiness of information that have occurred on the Web may reappear in the physical space of the city. It is therefore necessary to solve the difficult problem of linking identities in real and digital spaces in a manner that guarantees reliability and the trustworthiness of information. A new CPS technology called “blockchain” attempts to address this issue. Blockchain not only solves the problems posed by anonymity and unreliability but also reliably connects information about people, products, and digital content online and offline. Further, by capturing individual values, such as the entities or individuals trusted by a user, blockchain can facilitate new business schemes in which the final price of a product is individually adjusted according to the trustworthiness and community influence of individuals involved in the supply chain. This chapter is a summary of its history and potential.

Junichi Suzuki

Chapter 19. Toward the Social City

Abstract

We have been looking at various research examples and technological schemes as challenges for a new urban development using sensing and information and communication technology (ICT) in “the social city.” This chapter further discusses how we grasp the activities of the people in the city. Furthermore, we describe how to enhance the value of the city by effectively supporting individuals’ decision-making when they decide on their activities in the real space of the city by innovating customized intelligent communication between people and between people and the city. We also discuss the importance of the social relationships and city formation system with various actors involved in the city. Finally, we envisage the possibility of a new form of city formation system in the social city.

Saburo Saito, Yasuhiro Kawahara

Titel: The Social City
herausgegeben von: Yasuhiro Kawahara
Saburo Saito
Junichi Suzuki
Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore
Electronic ISBN: 978-981-19-7311-6
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-7310-9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7311-6